PostgreSQL UNION 操作符
PostgreSQL UNION 操作符合并两个或多个 SELECT 语句的结果。
UNION 操作符用于合并两个或多个 SELECT 语句的结果集。
请注意,UNION 内部的每个 SELECT 语句必须拥有相同数量的列。列也必须拥有相似的数据类型。同时,每个 SELECT 语句中的列的顺序必须相同。
语法
UNIONS 基础语法如下:
SELECT column1 [, column2 ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE condition]
UNION
SELECT column1 [, column2 ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE condition]
这里的条件语句可以根据您的需要设置任何表达式。
实例
创建 COMPANY 表(下载 COMPANY SQL 文件 ),数据内容如下:
zhishitudb# select * from COMPANY;
id | name | age | address | salary
----+-------+-----+-----------+--------
1 | Paul | 32 | California| 20000
2 | Allen | 25 | Texas | 15000
3 | Teddy | 23 | Norway | 20000
4 | Mark | 25 | Rich-Mond | 65000
5 | David | 27 | Texas | 85000
6 | Kim | 22 | South-Hall| 45000
7 | James | 24 | Houston | 10000
(7 rows)
创建 DEPARTMENT 表(下载 DEPARTMENT SQL 文件 ),数据内容如下:
zhishitudb=# SELECT * from DEPARTMENT;
id | dept | emp_id
----+-------------+--------
1 | IT Billing | 1
2 | Engineering | 2
3 | Finance | 7
4 | Engineering | 3
5 | Finance | 4
6 | Engineering | 5
7 | Finance | 6
(7 rows)
现在,我们在 SELECT 语句中使用 UNION 子句将两张表连接起来,如下所示:
SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY INNER JOIN DEPARTMENT
ON COMPANY.ID = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID
UNION
SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY LEFT OUTER JOIN DEPARTMENT
ON COMPANY.ID = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID;
得到结果如下:
emp_id | name | dept
--------+-------+--------------
5 | David | Engineering
6 | Kim | Finance
2 | Allen | Engineering
3 | Teddy | Engineering
4 | Mark | Finance
1 | Paul | IT Billing
7 | James | Finance
(7 rows)
UNION ALL 子句
UNION ALL 操作符可以连接两个有重复行的 SELECT 语句,默认地,UNION 操作符选取不同的值。如果允许重复的值,请使用 UNION ALL。
语法
UINON ALL 子句基础语法如下:
SELECT column1 [, column2 ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE condition]
UNION ALL
SELECT column1 [, column2 ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE condition]
这里的条件语句可以根据您的需要设置任何表达式。
实例
现在,让我们把上面提到的两张表用 SELECT 语句结合 UNION ALL 子句连接起来:
SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY INNER JOIN DEPARTMENT
ON COMPANY.ID = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID
UNION ALL
SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY LEFT OUTER JOIN DEPARTMENT
ON COMPANY.ID = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID;
得到结果如下:
emp_id | name | dept
--------+-------+--------------
1 | Paul | IT Billing
2 | Allen | Engineering
7 | James | Finance
3 | Teddy | Engineering
4 | Mark | Finance
5 | David | Engineering
6 | Kim | Finance
1 | Paul | IT Billing
2 | Allen | Engineering
7 | James | Finance
3 | Teddy | Engineering
4 | Mark | Finance
5 | David | Engineering
6 | Kim | Finance
(14 rows)